![]() ![]() After the departure of the Romans in the third century, there is evidence of the reoccupation of Iron Age forts and of the building of a series of smaller "nucleated" constructions, sometimes utilising major geographical features, as at Dunadd and Dumbarton. Beyond Roman influence, there is evidence of wheelhouses and underground souterrains. The Romans build military forts like that at Trimontium, and a continuous fortification between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde known as the Antonine Wall, built in the second century AD. After the arrival of the Romans from about 71 AD, they appear to have been largely abandoned. Crannogs, or roundhouses, each built on artificial islands, date from the Bronze Age, and stone buildings called Atlantic roundhouses and larger earthwork hill forts from the Iron Age. The earliest surviving houses in Scotland go back around 9500 years, and the first villages 6000 years Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney is the earliest preserved example in Europe. There was a phase of Renaissance palace building from the late fifteenth century, beginning at Linlithgow. Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment. ![]() In the late Middle Ages, new castles were built, some on a grander scale, and others, particularly in the borders, as simpler tower houses. Initially these were wooden motte-and-bailey constructions, but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall. ![]() Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of feudalism in the twelfth century. From the early fifteenth century, the introduction of Renaissance styles included the selective use of Romanesque forms in church architecture, as in the nave of Dunkeld Cathedral. Medieval parish church architecture was typically simpler than in England, but there were grander ecclesiastical buildings in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Medieval vernacular architecture utilised local building materials, including cruck constructed houses, turf walls, and clay, with a heavy reliance on stone. In the following centuries new forms of construction emerged throughout Scotland that would come to define the landscape. After the departure of the Romans in the fifth century, there is evidence of the building of a series of smaller "nucleated" constructions sometimes utilizing major geographical features, as at Dunadd and Dumbarton. The arrival of the Romans led to the abandonment of many of these forts. There is evidence of different forms of stone and wooden houses exist and earthwork hill forts from the Iron Age. The first surviving houses in Scotland go back 9500 years. The architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages includes all building within the modern borders of Scotland, between the departure of the Romans from Northern Britain in the early fifth century and the adoption of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century, and includes vernacular, ecclesiastical, royal, aristocratic and military constructions. Linlithgow Palace, the first building to bear that title in Scotland, was extensively rebuilt along Renaissance principles from the fifteenth century. ![]()
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